MicroHydro Plant Techniques

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MicroHydro Plant Techniques

What exactly is a MicroHydro Plant? And how can it help save the environment?
1. The term Microhydro is related to the installation of hydroelectric power which can produce up to 100KW of energy.

2. In order to operate effectively, Microhydro Plants need to be located in water rich areas to create a Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS). Several countries, such as The Solomon Islands, are generating and supplying small amounts of power (in the 50kw range) with Microhydro Plants.

3. Microhydro Plants can be made with a pelton wheel (for high head and low flow water supply), with an installation method similar to that of a small dammed pool at the top of the waterfall, together with several hundred feet of piping leading to a small generator housing.

4. While planning for the installation of a low-headed MicroHydro Plant, the most important consideration should be given to its maintenance and mechanism. This is because the low-headed Microhydro system moves large amounts of water, and might pass large amounts of surface debris through the mechanism, causing serious damage.

5. That’s why the Banki turbine, a pressurized self-cleaning cross flow waterwheel, is often preferred for low-head microhydro power systems. Though less efficient, its simpler structure is less expensive than other low-head turbines of the same capacity. Since the water flows in, then out of it, it cleans itself and is less prone to be jammed with surface debris created due to large water flows.

6. Most experts consider Microhydro as the ideal complement to the photovoltaic solar energy systems, given that water rises in the winter season and there are fewer hours of weaker sunlight, and vice versa during the Summer months.

How should the water supply be regulated for a Microhydro system?
1. There are many theories as to what constitutes the best frequency for an ideal Microhydro system.

2. In practice, the frequency of alternating current generated needs to match the local standard utility frequency. The controller usually regulates the water supply to generate a constant frequency for motor and clocks. This has the added effect of limiting the valve motion, and the resultant wear and tear caused by usage.

3. River water is passed through a settling basin to remove sediment which might be harmful for the turbine. After that water is forded into the Forebay Tank, where it is directed downhill through a pipe called a penstock. After reaching at the bottom water drives specially made turbine to produce electricity.

4. A grid-linked system connects the generator to the grid by measuring current, to ensure that the power is always generated and the grid never drives the turbine. The usual method is to measure voltage across a shunt resistor on one of the phases. The external utility's grid controller provides precision frequency controls.

5. An independent system usually governs its long-term frequency from an external time standard. The hydropower's AC time may vary by several seconds per hour, but over many days, it doesn't vary at all.

6. Traditionally a caretaker would compare a simple A/C clock driven by the hydropower system to a shortwave clock broadcast, and then adjust the mechanical governor on the hydropower system until the A/C clock read the same as the broadcast for a few minutes.

7. With a modern PLC-based system, the caretaker can just set the PLC's clock periodically from a radio clock, say once per week. Some more-professional systems automatically set the controller's clock from a radio clock. Whichever method is used helps the smooth running of the system.

8. The MicroHydro system is proving to be very popular. Not only governments but also many private sector companies have implemented new techniques for installing MicroHydro systems, which are both low cost and low maintenance systems.